機(ji)械(xie)(xie)加工(gong)是指(zhi)通過各(ge)種機(ji)械(xie)(xie)對工(gong)件的外形尺寸或性能進行改變(bian)的過程(cheng)。其含(han)義(yi)有(you)多種理解(jie)；狹義(yi)指(zhi)用車床(chuang)(chuang)、銑(xian)床(chuang)(chuang)、鉆床(chuang)(chuang)、磨(mo)床(chuang)(chuang)沖壓機(ji)、壓鑄(zhu)機(ji)等專用機(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備制(zhi)作零件的過程(cheng)。

　　機械(xie)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有兩(liang)種(zhong)分類：冷(leng)熱加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，一般在常(chang)溫下不引起(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)化學或物(wu)相變化的(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)﹐稱(cheng)冷(leng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。同樣的(de)，高于或低于常(chang)溫狀態而且會引起(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)化學或物(wu)相變化的(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)﹐稱(cheng)熱加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。冷(leng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)按(an)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方式的(de)差別可分為切削加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)壓力加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。熱加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)常(chang)見(jian)有熱處理﹐煅造﹐鑄(zhu)造和(he)焊接(jie)。

　　在面對余量它們又是怎么處理的呢？精密機械加工的(de)常溫狀態(tai)又有什么呢？

　　加(jia)工(gong)余(yu)量(liang)(liang)的大小對(dui)加(jia)工(gong)質量(liang)(liang)和生產效率均有較大影響。加(jia)工(gong)余(yu)量(liang)(liang)過大，不僅增加(jia)了機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)的勞動量(liang)(liang)，降低(di)了生產率，而且(qie)增加(jia)了材(cai)料、工(gong)具和電力消耗(hao)，提高了加(jia)工(gong)成本。

　　由毛坯變成(cheng)成(cheng)品的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，在(zai)某加工(gong)表(biao)面上(shang)(shang)切(qie)除的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬層的(de)(de)(de)總厚(hou)度稱(cheng)為該(gai)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)總余量(liang)。每一道工(gong)序(xu)所(suo)切(qie)除的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬層厚(hou)度稱(cheng)為工(gong)序(xu)間(jian)加工(gong)余量(liang)。對于外(wai)圓(yuan)和孔等(deng)(deng)旋轉表(biao)面而言，加工(gong)余量(liang)是(shi)(shi)從直(zhi)徑上(shang)(shang)考慮的(de)(de)(de)，故稱(cheng)為對稱(cheng)余量(liang)（即雙邊余量(liang)），即實際所(suo)切(qie)除的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬層厚(hou)度是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)徑上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)余量(liang)之(zhi)半。平(ping)面的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)余量(liang)則是(shi)(shi)單邊余量(liang)，它(ta)等(deng)(deng)于實際所(suo)切(qie)除的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬層厚(hou)度

　　在(zai)工(gong)件上(shang)留(liu)加工(gong)余(yu)量的目的是為了切除上(shang)一道工(gong)序所留(liu)下(xia)來的加工(gong)誤差和(he)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)缺(que)陷，如鑄件表面(mian)(mian)(mian)冷(leng)硬層、氣孔、夾砂層，鍛件表面(mian)(mian)(mian)的氧化皮、脫碳層、表面(mian)(mian)(mian)裂(lie)紋，切削(xue)加工(gong)后的內應力(li)層和(he)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)粗糙(cao)度(du)等。從而提(ti)高(gao)工(gong)件的精(jing)度(du)和(he)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)粗糙(cao)度(du)。

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